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Optimization of Distributed-Generation Siting-Sizing with Volt-VAR Droop: Loss, Stability and Techno-Economic Assessment

Students & Supervisors

Student Authors
Sanjid Islam
Masters in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, FE
Supervisors
Mohammad Abdul Mannan
Professor, Associate Dean [fe], FE
Dr. Rifat Hazari
Associate Professor, Special Assistant [eee], FE

Abstract

This paper develops a unified, planner-oriented framework for siting and sizing distributed generators (DGs) with Volt-VAR droop control on the IEEE-57 distribution system. The optimization adopts a loss-first AC power-flow formulation with explicit voltage and stability penalties; candidate buses are screened via a 1 MW sensitivity; DG penetration is constrained to 12–25% of system load. Moreover, reactive support is provided through linear Volt–VAR droop subject to capability limits; decision vectors are optimized with Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Bat Algorithm (BAT) with light local refinement; techno-economic and emissions metrics are evaluated ex post to expose practical trade-offs. Relative to a stressed base case (29.6062 MW, 119.5783 MVAr, |S| = 123.1889 MVA; 0.9315–1.0661 p.u.; VSImin = 0.7499), the framework consistently rehabilitates feeder performance. Specifically, BAT with 10 DGs yields the lowest losses (15.973 MW, 64.5996 MVAr; |S| = 66.5451 MVA); GA with 10 DGs provides the strongest worst-bus stability (VSImin = 0.8802) and the highest minimum voltage (0.9647 p.u.); and PSO with 10 DGs maintains the tightest steady-state voltage envelope (0.9635–1.047 p.u.), representing a balanced operating point. In ex post accounting, BAT-8 attains the lowest operating-cost and carbon intensities, PSO-5 requires the least CAPEX, and GA-5 delivers the highest annual energy. These outcomes also support the smart-city vision by showing how optimized DG placement can inform renewable zoning, EVcharging deployment, and demand-side programs for cleaner and more reliable urban power systems.

Keywords

Distributed generation (DG) DG siting and sizing Volt–VAR control loss minimization voltage stability optimization.

Publication Details

  • Type of Publication:
  • Conference Name: IEEE International Conference on Innovate for Humanitarian: Tech Solutions for Global Challenge (ICIH 2025)
  • Date of Conference: 21/11/2025 - 21/11/2025
  • Venue: Indore India (Online)
  • Organizer: Acropolis Institute of Technology and Research, Indore, India
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